• Used to record and present the data
• Used to organize data systematically and make the data comparison become easy
• The headings in the table consist of the manipulated variable and the responding variable with the respective unit
• The manipulated variable is placed in the column on the left side
• The responding variable is placed in the column on the right side

• To shows the relationship between the manipulated variable and responding variable
• There are several types of graphs such as line graphs, bar charts and histograms

• The responding variable is represented by the vertical axis (y-axis) and the manipulated variable is represented by the horizontal axis (x-axis)
•  The scaling on the axis must be uniform
• Mark the points with an appropriate symbol such as ‘x’
•  Title the graph: “Graph (responding variable) versus (manipulated variable)”

• Draw two axes, the horizontal axis/X to represent the manipulated variable and the vertical axis/Y to represent the responding variable
• Each width of the bar needs to be uniform
• The bar height depends on the frequency of the data
• Bar charts are used to make comparisons between two or more items at a time

• Draw two axes where the horizontal axis/X represents the data that has been divided into groups according to the appropriate range while the vertical axis/Y shows the frequency
• Insert labels and units on the axes
• The size or width of the bars must be the same for all class gap with no spacing between the bars

• Give an accurate representation of an observed specimen

Characteristics of biological drawings:

• Large and accurate; use a sharp pencil and not a colour pencil or pen
• Not shaded artistically
• Lines drawn must be clear, clean and continuous
• Do not use a ruler to draw the outline of a specimen
• Drawings must be labelled
• Label lines must point to the correct structure, no arrowheads, must be straight and not cross each other
• Drawings must have titles
• Each structure in the drawing must be placed in the correct position, and its size should be proportionate to the rest of the structures
• Consists of plan drawing and detailed drawing
• Must include the magnification factor: \(\dfrac{\text{The length of drawing in cm}}{\text{The length of specimen in cm}}\)

• The plane refers to a flat surface of shadow passing through the body

Consists of:

• sagittal plane (divides the body into right and left parts)
• frontal plane (divides the body into frontal and rear parts)
• horizontal plane (divides the body into upper and lower parts)

• Cross section divides the structure into upper and lower portions horizontally while longitudinal section divides the structure into left and right portions

• Direction consists of anterior, ventral, posterior, dorsal, superior, inferior and lateral

• Used to record and present the data
• Used to organize data systematically and make the data comparison become easy
• The headings in the table consist of the manipulated variable and the responding variable with the respective unit
• The manipulated variable is placed in the column on the left side
• The responding variable is placed in the column on the right side

• To shows the relationship between the manipulated variable and responding variable
• There are several types of graphs such as line graphs, bar charts and histograms

• The responding variable is represented by the vertical axis (y-axis) and the manipulated variable is represented by the horizontal axis (x-axis)
•  The scaling on the axis must be uniform
• Mark the points with an appropriate symbol such as ‘x’
•  Title the graph: “Graph (responding variable) versus (manipulated variable)”

• Draw two axes, the horizontal axis/X to represent the manipulated variable and the vertical axis/Y to represent the responding variable
• Each width of the bar needs to be uniform
• The bar height depends on the frequency of the data
• Bar charts are used to make comparisons between two or more items at a time

• Draw two axes where the horizontal axis/X represents the data that has been divided into groups according to the appropriate range while the vertical axis/Y shows the frequency
• Insert labels and units on the axes
• The size or width of the bars must be the same for all class gap with no spacing between the bars

• Give an accurate representation of an observed specimen

Characteristics of biological drawings:

• Large and accurate; use a sharp pencil and not a colour pencil or pen
• Not shaded artistically
• Lines drawn must be clear, clean and continuous
• Do not use a ruler to draw the outline of a specimen
• Drawings must be labelled
• Label lines must point to the correct structure, no arrowheads, must be straight and not cross each other
• Drawings must have titles
• Each structure in the drawing must be placed in the correct position, and its size should be proportionate to the rest of the structures
• Consists of plan drawing and detailed drawing
• Must include the magnification factor: \(\dfrac{\text{The length of drawing in cm}}{\text{The length of specimen in cm}}\)

• The plane refers to a flat surface of shadow passing through the body

Consists of:

• sagittal plane (divides the body into right and left parts)
• frontal plane (divides the body into frontal and rear parts)
• horizontal plane (divides the body into upper and lower parts)

• Cross section divides the structure into upper and lower portions horizontally while longitudinal section divides the structure into left and right portions

• Direction consists of anterior, ventral, posterior, dorsal, superior, inferior and lateral