Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Target tissue/organ: pituitary gland
Function: regulates activities of the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH
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Growth hormone (GH)
Target tissue/organ: liver and adipose tissue
Function: stimulates growth especially in bone and muscle and regulates the metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target tissue/organ: testis and ovary
Function: stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary, stimulates the formation of sperms in the testis and stimulates the ovaries to secrete oestrogen
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Target tissue/organ: testis and ovary
Function: stimulates testis to produce testosterone in males and stimulates the ovary to perform ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in females
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Target tissue/organ: thyroid gland
Function: stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Target tissue/organ: adrenal gland
Function: stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones and regulates the growth of the adrenal cortex
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Oxytocin
Target tissue/organ: uterus muscles and mammary gland
Function: simulates the contraction of the uterus during birth and stimulates the mammary gland to secrete milk
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Target tissue/organ: kidney
Function: Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and reduces the production of urine
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Prolactin
Target tissue/organ: mammary gland
Function: stimulates the mammary gland to secrete milk
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Thyroxine
Target tissue/organ: all tissues
Function: stimulates, maintain the rate of metabolism in the body and controls physical growth and normal development of the brain
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Insulin
Target tissue/organ: liver, muscles and adipose tissues
Function: lowers blood glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose into cells for metabolism and converts excess glucose into glycogen
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Glucagon
Target tissue/organ: liver, muscles and adipose tissues
Function: raises blood glucose level by stimulating the conversion of glycogen into glucose
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Adrenaline
Target tissue/organ: heart, liver and muscles
Function: increases blood glucose level and rises metabolic activities such as heartbeat rate, breathing rate, vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels for preparing the body in a "fight or flight" situation
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Aldosterone
Target tissue/organ: kidney
Function: stimulates the absorption of mineral salt in kidneys
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Androgen
Target tissue/organ: reproductive organs
Function: important to reach puberty and regulates the maturity of reproductive organs and the development of secondary sexual characteristics
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Cortisol
Target tissue/organ: all tissues
Function: stimulates the conversion of lipids and proteins into glucose and produced during fight and flight situations to increase the blood sugar level
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Testosterone
Target tissue/organ: male reproductive organs
Function: stimulates sperm production and stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males
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Oestrogen
Target tissue/organ: female reproductive organs
Function: stimulates the development of female reproductive organs, repairs and build the uterine wall, and stimulates the secondary sexual characteristics in female
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Progesterone
Target tissue/organ: uterus
Function: maintains the thickening of the uterine wall for embryo implantation
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Coordination of both nervous system and endocrine system in an anxious situation:
- Stimulus of fear occurs
- Nerve impulse sent to the central nervous system
- Central nervous system interprets information
- Heartbeat increases
- Breathing rate increases
- Blood pressure increases
- Metabolic rate increases
- Blood glucose level increases
- Energy production increases
- Skeletal muscles use the energy to fight or flight
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Comparison between the nervous system and endocrine system: |
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