Interaction Among Animals

Interaction among animals

This chapter describes the interactions that take place between living things, which are animals and plants. Living things that live in the same habitat interact with each other for their own survival. Stable ecosystems are formed through the interaction between them and with their surroundings.

4.1

Interaction among animals

Animals interact with each other to obtain basic necessities for survival. These animals are from the same and also different species.

	Definition

	Interaction between animals means the relationship between the animals that are interdependent on each other

Animals Living in Groups

Advantages	Disadvantages
Cooperate to build their nest Cooperate to get food Ensure the safety of the group members	Disease outbreak caused by viruses is easy to spread to the same species in the group Great competition for foods and mates The weak animal in a big group have difficulty to save itself when attacked by its predator

Animals Living in Solitary

Advantages	Disadvantages
Do not need to compete to get food, water, shelter and mates Do not hunt for food with each other or with other animals	Takes a long time to get food Hard to find their mates in a habitat that is in a wide area

Factors of Competition Among Intraspecies Animals and Interspecies Animals

Intraspecies	Interspecies
Foods Water Shelter Mating	Foods Water Territory

Symbiosis is the relationship between two or more animals that live closely together and mutually beneficial to each other

Symbiosis

Groups of Symbiosis	Explanation
Mutualism	Definition: Interaction that gives benefits to two types of animals Examples: Buffalo and mynah, crocodile and bird
Commensalism	Definition: Interaction that benefits one species but the other species does not get any benefit or bad effect Examples: Remora fish and shark, barnacles on the shell of a crab
Parasitism	Definition: Interaction that will cause only one species to benefit from the interaction and cause the other species to suffered Example: Tick and deer, fleas and cat

4.2

Interaction among plants

Plants also interact to obtain their basic needs to keep alive. Usually small trees will ride on top of larger and taller trees to get water and sunlight.

Symbiosis among plants is the interactions between different plants in a habitat

Factors of competition among plants are:

Water
Sunlight
Space
Nutrients

Types of Interaction Among Plants

Commensalism

Bird's nest fern
Dove orchid

Bird's nest fern and dove orchid live on other plants to get sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

Parasitism

Rafflesia
Mistletoe plant

Plant will latch on to a host plant to get nutrients and water. The host plant will lose food nutrition and it will cause the host plant to die