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Properties |
Explaination |
Melting Point |
- Increases as going down the group.
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- As going down the group, the molecular size increases.
- Requires more energy to overcome the attractive forces.
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Boiling Point |
- Increases as going down the group.
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- As going down the group, the molecular size increases.
- Requires more energy to overcome the attractive forces.
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Density |
- Increases as going down the group.
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- As going down the group, the molecular size increases.
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Solubility in Water |
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- Alkenes are covalent compounds.
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Conductivity of Electricity |
- Does not conduct electricity.
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- Does not contain freely moving ions.
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Alcohol |
- Functional group: hydroxyl group, \(-OH\).
- General formula: \(C_nH_{2n+1}OH\).
- The structural formula and molecular formula of alcohol is as shown below:
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Naming Alcohol |
- Replacing the ‘e’ at the end of the alkane name with ‘ol’.
- Example: methane to methanol.
- For a longer alcohol chain, the position of the hydroxyl group is mentioned in the name of the alcohol.
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Name of Alcohol |
Structural Formula |
Butan-1-ol |
![The diagram shows the structural formula of butan-1-ol.](https://question.pandai.org/uploads/image/228677/KSSM-CH-11-02-02-03_1-01.png) |
Butan-2-ol |
![The diagram shows the structural formula of butan-2-ol.](https://question.pandai.org/uploads/image/228677/KSSM-CH-11-02-02-03_2-01.png) |
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Steps in Naming of Alcohol |
- Determine the name of the main chain based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest and continuous carbon chain.
- The numbering of the main chain starts from the end closes to the hydroxyl group.
- Determine the position of the hydroxyl group in the main carbon chain.
- Determine the position of the branch chain.
- Remember, priority is given to the hydroxyl group first, then the branch chain.
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![The image is an infographic titled ‘Physical Properties of Ethanol.’ It features a central light bulb icon with a checkmark, surrounded by five properties of ethanol, each in a blue box with an associated number: 1. A colourless solution at room temperature 2. Nice smell 3. Boiling point: 78°C 4. Volatile 5. Soluble in water The infographic is branded with the Pandai logo in the top left corner.](https://question.pandai.org/uploads/image/134073/Physical_Properties_of_Ethanol.jpg) |
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Uses of Alcohol and Its Misuse |
Industry
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Uses
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Daily life |
- Solvents for paints, sticker, ink, lacquer and varnish.
- Used as fuel.
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Production |
- Production of chemicals such as ethanoic acid and ester.
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Manufacturing |
- Cosmetics, perfumes, toothpaste and skin lotions.
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Pharmaceutical |
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Carboxylic Acid |
- Functional group: carboxyl group, \(-COOH\).
- General formula: \(C_nH_{2n+1}COOH\).
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Naming of Carboxylic Acid |
- Replacing the ‘ol’ at the end of alcohol name with ‘oic acid’.
- Example: methanol to methanoic acid.
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Steps in Naming Carboxylic Acid |
- Determine the name of the main chain based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest and continuous carbon chain.
- The numbering of the longest carbon chain starts from the carboxyl group.
- Determine the position of the branch chain.
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Example: Structural Formula for 3,4-Dimethylhexanoic Acid |
![The diagram shows the structural formula of 3,4-dimethylhexanoic acid.](https://question.pandai.org/uploads/image/228677/KSSM-CH-11-02-02-04-01.png) |
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![This image is an infographic titled ‘Physical Properties of Ethanoic Acid.’ It features a central light bulb icon with a check mark inside, surrounded by five points arranged in a circular manner. Each point is connected to the central icon with an arrow. The points are: 1. A colourless solution at room temperature 2. Have a sour smell 3. Boiling point: 118°C 4. Volatile 5. Soluble in water The image has a clean, modern design with a white background and blue text and icons. The logo ‘Pandai’ is in the top left corner.](https://question.pandai.org/uploads/image/134073/Physical_Properties_of_Ethanoic_Acid.jpg) |
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Uses of Carboxylic Acid |
- Fruits and vegetables contain carboxylic acid.
- Milk becomes sour because of the lactic acid formed.
- Used in daily life items:
- Cosmetics.
- Liquid detergent.
- Used in the food industry:
- Food flavouring.
- Food preservatives.
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