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Properties |
Explaination |
Melting Point |
- Increases as going down the group.
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- As going down the group, the molecular size increases.
- Requires more energy to overcome the attractive forces.
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Boiling Point |
- Increases as going down the group.
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- As going down the group, the molecular size increases.
- Requires more energy to overcome the attractive forces.
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Density |
- Increases as going down the group.
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- As going down the group, the molecular size increases.
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Solubility in Water |
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- Alkenes are covalent compounds.
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Conductivity of Electricity |
- Does not conduct electricity.
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- Does not contain freely moving ions.
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Alcohol |
- Functional group: hydroxyl group, \(-OH\).
- General formula: \(C_nH_{2n+1}OH\).
- The structural formula and molecular formula of alcohol is as shown below:
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Naming Alcohol |
- Replacing the ‘e’ at the end of the alkane name with ‘ol’.
- Example: methane to methanol.
- For a longer alcohol chain, the position of the hydroxyl group is mentioned in the name of the alcohol.
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Name of Alcohol |
Structural Formula |
Butan-1-ol |
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Butan-2-ol |
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Steps in Naming of Alcohol |
- Determine the name of the main chain based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest and continuous carbon chain.
- The numbering of the main chain starts from the end closes to the hydroxyl group.
- Determine the position of the hydroxyl group in the main carbon chain.
- Determine the position of the branch chain.
- Remember, priority is given to the hydroxyl group first, then the branch chain.
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Uses of Alcohol and Its Misuse |
Industry
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Uses
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Daily life |
- Solvents for paints, sticker, ink, lacquer and varnish.
- Used as fuel.
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Production |
- Production of chemicals such as ethanoic acid and ester.
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Manufacturing |
- Cosmetics, perfumes, toothpaste and skin lotions.
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Pharmaceutical |
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Carboxylic Acid |
- Functional group: carboxyl group, \(-COOH\).
- General formula: \(C_nH_{2n+1}COOH\).
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Naming of Carboxylic Acid |
- Replacing the ‘ol’ at the end of alcohol name with ‘oic acid’.
- Example: methanol to methanoic acid.
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Steps in Naming Carboxylic Acid |
- Determine the name of the main chain based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest and continuous carbon chain.
- The numbering of the longest carbon chain starts from the carboxyl group.
- Determine the position of the branch chain.
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Example: Structural Formula for 3,4-Dimethylhexanoic Acid |
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Uses of Carboxylic Acid |
- Fruits and vegetables contain carboxylic acid.
- Milk becomes sour because of the lactic acid formed.
- Used in daily life items:
- Cosmetics.
- Liquid detergent.
- Used in the food industry:
- Food flavouring.
- Food preservatives.
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