• Population ecology is a branch of ecology which studies the interactions of a population with its surroundings. A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat.
• Population distribution shows how the organisms of the same species are able to spread out in a habitat.

• The optimum temperature for plant growth is between 25 degrees Celsius to 30 degrees Celsius.
• High temperatures can cause enzymes to break down. Biochemical processes in plants will be disrupted.
• Low temperatures will reduce enzyme activity. This will slow down the biochemical reaction.

• Water is needed for enzyme activity, photosynthesis as well as transport and support in herbaceous plants.
• Dry areas such as deserts and tundra areas such as the poles have low population distribution and plant density.

• Light is very important for the process of photosynthesis.
• Areas that receive less light have a small number of plants.

• Soil pH is important for nutrient uptake by roots.
• Soil pH that is too acidic or alkaline will cause the absorption of nutrients by plants to be low.
• Tree growth will be affected due to lack of nutrients.

• The salt content affects the osmotic absorption of water by the roots.
• The high salt content in the soil causes plants to lose water through osmosis.
• Minerals are needed to produce proteins, enzymes, nucleotides, vitamins and other compounds.
• For example, phosphorus is used to form phospholipids (in the formation of cell membranes).

• Areas exposed to high temperatures in a habitat are less occupied by animals such as worms and snails.

• Animals are concentrated in areas that have sufficient water resources to drink and cool down.

• A suitable and safe breeding place is needed by animals to give birth and raise children.

• Food is important for survival because animals are heterotrophic that depend on plants and other animals as food.

Clumped

tambah gambar

• Clumped organisms form separated groups.
• This condition is caused by uneven distribution of resources in an area.

Random

tambah gambar

• Organisms are distributed in a free pattern in an area.
• This distribution involves species that have little interaction among individuals.

Uniform

tambah gambar

• Organisms are distributed all over an inhabited area.
• This distribution involves species in which every individual competes for limited resources in an area.

• Two important factors for studying population ecology which are:
  • Population size:
    • The number of organisms present in a population.
  • Population density:
    • The number of individuals of a species per unit area of a habitat.
• The population size in an area can be estimated by a random sampling technique when the studied area is large and difficult to obtain data.
• A sample which represents the area is taken to give an estimation of the abundance and the distribution pattern of certain organisms that inhabit the area

• A quadrat sampling technique can estimate the population size of land plants or animals which are inactive or move slowly.
• The number of organisms in the quadrat areas is the sample which represents the whole area of study.
• The data obtained from all quadrats can be used to estimate the population in the area of study.
• A quadrat is a square-framed structure which is made of wood, iron or plastic.
• Normally, a quadrat is subdivided into a few parts of the same size to estimate the coverage percentage of any species.
• The size of the quadrat depends on the types and size of organisms, the area of study as well as the distribution and density of the plants being studied.
• For example, a one-metre-squared quadrat is suitable to estimate the population of plants in a school field

• Population ecology is a branch of ecology which studies the interactions of a population with its surroundings. A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat.
• Population distribution shows how the organisms of the same species are able to spread out in a habitat.

• The optimum temperature for plant growth is between 25 degrees Celsius to 30 degrees Celsius.
• High temperatures can cause enzymes to break down. Biochemical processes in plants will be disrupted.
• Low temperatures will reduce enzyme activity. This will slow down the biochemical reaction.

• Water is needed for enzyme activity, photosynthesis as well as transport and support in herbaceous plants.
• Dry areas such as deserts and tundra areas such as the poles have low population distribution and plant density.

• Light is very important for the process of photosynthesis.
• Areas that receive less light have a small number of plants.

• Soil pH is important for nutrient uptake by roots.
• Soil pH that is too acidic or alkaline will cause the absorption of nutrients by plants to be low.
• Tree growth will be affected due to lack of nutrients.

• The salt content affects the osmotic absorption of water by the roots.
• The high salt content in the soil causes plants to lose water through osmosis.
• Minerals are needed to produce proteins, enzymes, nucleotides, vitamins and other compounds.
• For example, phosphorus is used to form phospholipids (in the formation of cell membranes).

• Areas exposed to high temperatures in a habitat are less occupied by animals such as worms and snails.

• Animals are concentrated in areas that have sufficient water resources to drink and cool down.

• A suitable and safe breeding place is needed by animals to give birth and raise children.

• Food is important for survival because animals are heterotrophic that depend on plants and other animals as food.

Clumped

tambah gambar

• Clumped organisms form separated groups.
• This condition is caused by uneven distribution of resources in an area.

Random

tambah gambar

• Organisms are distributed in a free pattern in an area.
• This distribution involves species that have little interaction among individuals.

Uniform

tambah gambar

• Organisms are distributed all over an inhabited area.
• This distribution involves species in which every individual competes for limited resources in an area.

• Two important factors for studying population ecology which are:
  • Population size:
    • The number of organisms present in a population.
  • Population density:
    • The number of individuals of a species per unit area of a habitat.
• The population size in an area can be estimated by a random sampling technique when the studied area is large and difficult to obtain data.
• A sample which represents the area is taken to give an estimation of the abundance and the distribution pattern of certain organisms that inhabit the area

• A quadrat sampling technique can estimate the population size of land plants or animals which are inactive or move slowly.
• The number of organisms in the quadrat areas is the sample which represents the whole area of study.
• The data obtained from all quadrats can be used to estimate the population in the area of study.
• A quadrat is a square-framed structure which is made of wood, iron or plastic.
• Normally, a quadrat is subdivided into a few parts of the same size to estimate the coverage percentage of any species.
• The size of the quadrat depends on the types and size of organisms, the area of study as well as the distribution and density of the plants being studied.
• For example, a one-metre-squared quadrat is suitable to estimate the population of plants in a school field