Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

4.1

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Definition

Reproduction is the process of producing new individuals from living organisms.

Reproduction
Sexual	Asexual
Involves reproductive cells	Does not involve reproductive cells
Occurs in: humans higher animal (mammal, bird, fish, reptile and amphibian) flowering plant	Occurs in: plants (onion, ginger, potato) simple organism (Amoeba, Hydra, Paramecium)

Sexual Reproduction

Parent
Male	Female
Carries male reproductive cell	Carries female reproductive cell

Differences between internal and external fertilisation
Internal	External
The nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete inside the body of female parent	Nucleus of male gamete fuses with nucleus of female gamete outside the body of female parent
Male parent releases sperm into the body of female parent	Male parent releases sperm and female parent releases ovum. Occurs in the water.
Male gamete from the male reproductive organ will be released into the female organ which has the female gamete and fuses to form a zygote	Male gamete usually swims towards the ovum and fuses with itt.

Asexual Reproduction

Binary fusion

Binary fission is the division of a single parent cell into two daughter cells.

Example: Amoeba, Paramecium and bacteria

Budding

Budding is the process of forming a bud on the organism's body.
A bud starts off as a sweeling. Then, it develops and breaks off as a new young

Example: Hydra and yeast

Regeneration

Occurs from the ability of the fragments of some organisms to grow and develop into completely new indiciduals.

Examples: Flatworm, starfish and Planaria

Spore formation

Spore formation is the process of producing spores in the sporangium.
After the sporangium breaks, the tiny and light spores getscattered by the wind.
When they land on a moist place, they grow into new plants.

Vegetative reproduction

Vegetative reproduction is a method of producing newplants from avegetative part of a plant except the flower.
Example of vegetative parts are the roots, underground stems, runners, bulbs and leaves.

Examples: Carrot, strawberry, ginger, yam and potatoes

There are three types of vegetative reproduction:

Root - Roots of parent plant will grow into new plant	Example: Carro, sweet potato
Stem - Stem of parent plant will row into new plant	Example: Potato, onion, grass
Leaf - Leaves of parent plant will grow into new plants	Example: Bryophyllum, Begonia

The importance of reproduction:

Increase the number of organisms of a species
Transfers the genetic information to the new generation