| 4.1 |
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction |
| Definition |
| Reproduction is the process of producing new individuals from living organisms. |
|
| Reproduction |
| Sexual |
Asexual |
| Involves reproductive cells |
Does not involve reproductive cells |
|
Occurs in:
- humans
- higher animal (mammal, bird, fish, reptile and amphibian)
- flowering plant
|
Occurs in:
- plants (onion, ginger, potato)
- simple organism (Amoeba, Hydra, Paramecium)
|
|
| Parent |
| Male |
Female |
| Carries male reproductive cell |
Carries female reproductive cell |
 |
 |
|
| Differences between internal and external fertilisation |
| Internal |
External |
| The nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete inside the body of female parent |
Nucleus of male gamete fuses with nucleus of female gamete outside the body of female parent |
| Male parent releases sperm into the body of female parent |
Male parent releases sperm and female parent releases ovum. Occurs in the water. |
| Male gamete from the male reproductive organ will be released into the female organ which has the female gamete and fuses to form a zygote |
Male gamete usually swims towards the ovum and fuses with itt. |
|
Asexual Reproduction
| Binary fusion |
| Binary fission is the division of a single parent cell into two daughter cells. |
| Example: Amoeba, Paramecium and bacteria |
| Budding |
- Budding is the process of forming a bud on the organism's body.
- A bud starts off as a sweeling. Then, it develops and breaks off as a new young
|
| Example: Hydra and yeast |
| Regeneration |
| Occurs from the ability of the fragments of some organisms to grow and develop into completely new indiciduals. |
| Examples: Flatworm, starfish and Planaria |
| Spore formation |
- Spore formation is the process of producing spores in the sporangium.
- After the sporangium breaks, the tiny and light spores getscattered by the wind.
- When they land on a moist place, they grow into new plants.
|
| Vegetative reproduction |
- Vegetative reproduction is a method of producing newplants from avegetative part of a plant except the flower.
- Example of vegetative parts are the roots, underground stems, runners, bulbs and leaves.
|
| Examples: Carrot, strawberry, ginger, yam and potatoes |
|
There are three types of vegetative reproduction:
| Root - Roots of parent plant will grow into new plant |
Example: Carro, sweet potato |
| Stem - Stem of parent plant will row into new plant |
Example: Potato, onion, grass |
| Leaf - Leaves of parent plant will grow into new plants |
Example: Bryophyllum, Begonia |
|
The importance of reproduction:
- Increase the number of organisms of a species
- Transfers the genetic information to the new generation
